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United States presidential election results between 1828 and 1852. Blue shaded states usually voted for the, while buff shaded states usually voted for the or the. Historians and political scientists use the phrase Second Party System as a term of to designate the operating in the United States from about 1828 to 1854, after the ended.

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The system was characterized by rapidly rising levels of voter interest, beginning in 1828, as demonstrated by Election Day turnouts, rallies, partisan newspapers, and high degrees of personal loyalty to parties. Two major parties dominated the political landscape: the, led by, and the, assembled by from the and from other opponents of Jackson.

Minor parties included the, an important innovator from 1827 to 1834; the in 1840; and the anti-slavery in 1848 and 1852. The Second Party System reflected and shaped the political, social, economic and cultural currents of the, until succeeded by the.

Frank Towers specifies an important ideological divide: Democrats stood for the 'sovereignty of the people' as expressed in popular demonstrations, constitutional conventions, and majority rule as a general principle of governing, whereas Whigs advocated the rule of law, written and unchanging constitutions, and protections for minority interests against majority tyranny. Contents • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • Patterns [ ] Historian is most responsible for defining the term.